Country TimeZone w/GMT DayLightSavingHrs  Jan 17  9:27 AM
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Afghanistan,4.5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central Asia,Kabul,33 N,65 E,Pashtu  Persian,af,Area was part of Persian & Alexander's empires Turkoman dynasty 10th cen. Mongol Empire ca. 1400 Mogul Empire late 15th cen. formed separate unit mid-18th cen. & nucleus of Afghan Empire Britain fought Persia & Russia for area throughout 19th cen
Albania,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Tirana,41 N,20 E,Albanian,al,Inhabited by Illyrians (ancient Indo-Europeans) from 1000 BC South was colonized by Greece North ruled by local kings was part of Roman Illyricum ruled by Constantinople invaded by Visigoths Huns & Slavs (6th cen.) ruled by Turks 14th cen.-1912
Algeria,1,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,North Africa,Algeirs,28 N,3 E,Arabic French,ag,Area inhabited since 200000 BC settled by Phoenicians was Roman Numidia conquered by Vandals in 431 & by Arabs in 7th cen. under Ottoman rule until 1705 then tribal rule occupied by French in 1830 nationalist revolt against French rule in 1950s
Andorra,1,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Andorra La Vella,42 N,1 E,Catalan French Spanish,an,Small ancient state located in Pyrenees independence ascribed to Charlemagne when he recovered area from Muslims 9th cen. under joint protection of France & Spain representatives of French & Spanish co-princes established a single government in 1981
Angola,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Luanda,12 S,18 E,Portuguese Bantu,ao,Original inhabitants of area probably were Khoisan-speaking hunters/gathers large Bantu-speaking migration ca. 1000 home of 2 important Bantu kingdoms settled by Portuguese 15th-16th cen. exploited in slave trade frontiers extended inland 19th cen
Antigua and Barbuda,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Caribbean Sea,St Johns,17 N,62 W,English,ac,Comprises several islands Columbus landed on Antigua in 1493 ceded to Britain in Treaty of Breda in 1667 Africans were brought here as slaves for the sugar plantations was part of the Leeward Island Federation 1871-1956
Argentina,-3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Buenos Aires,34 S,64 W,Spanish English French German Italian,ar,Area settled in S by nomadic hunters & fishers in NW Incas penetrated & agriculture developed Spanish arrived in 16th cen. but settlement was slow & mainly originated from other established Spanish colonies in Chile Peru & Paraguay
Armenia,4,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Yerevan,40 N,45 E,Armenian Persian,am,Also known as Hayastan. Area was part of ancient Armenia inhabited by Armenians from 8th cen. BC ruled Media Persia (6th-4th cen. BC) Alexander (from 330 BC) & Rome home to earliest Christian state ruled by Arabs Mongols Turks & Russia part of former Soviet Union 1920
Australia (Western),8,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Australia (Northern),9.5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Australia (Southern),9.5,1,1,#10/26/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Australia (Queensland),10,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Australia (New South Wales),10,1,1,#10/26/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Australia (Capital),10,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Australia (Victoria),10,1,1,#10/26/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Australia (Tasmania),10,1,1,#10/5/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Australia (Howe Island),10.5,0.5,1,#10/26/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,Oceania,Canberra,25 S,135 E,English,as,Isolation allowed development of unique flora & fauna "Aborigines" probably arrived from SE Asia sighted by Portuguese Spanish & Dutch 17th cen. claimed by Britain 1771 used as penal colony free British settlers arrived 19th cen.
Austria,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Vienna,47 N,13 E,German,au,Area had Early Paleolithic settlements Iron Age culture by 1000 BC inhabited by Illyrians Celts invaded ca. 400 BC Romans ca. 200 BC Germanic tribes ca. 180 Bavarians & Avars from 6th cen. was Eastern Mark of Charlemagne Hapsburg rule from 1278
Azerbaijan,3,0,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Baku,43 N,47 E,Azerbaijani Russian,aj,Forms N part of historic Azarbaijan region inhabited by ancient Scythian tribes part of Roman Empire Turks invaded 11th cen. home to Tartar khanates notably Shirvan ruled by Persia (17th cen.) & Russia (from 1806) part of Soviet Union from 1920
Bahamas,-5,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Island in Atlantic,New Providence,24 N,76 W,English,bf,Comprises most islands in Bahamas chain originally inhabited by Lucayans (Arawaks) driven from S America by the Caribs Columbus landed in 1492 visited by slave raiders & pirates English colonized in 17th cen. & brought Africans here as slaves
Bahrain,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia (Middle East) Island in Persian Gulf,Manama,26 N,50 E,Arabic English Persian Urdu,ba,Comprises several low-lying islands area was flourishing Dilman center by 2000 BC occupied by Portuguese 16th cen. by Arab subjects of Persia 17th-18th cen. ruled by member of Kuwait family from 1782 British defense responsibility 19th-20th cen
Bangladesh,6,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Dhaka,24 N,90 E,Bengali English,bg,Area was ancient home of Hindu religion Buddhism introduced 3rd cen. ruled by Afghans 14th cen. & Moguls 16th cen. part of Bengal province of British India 18th-20th cen. approximate boundaries were first established when Bengal was divided in 1947
Barbados,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Caribbean Sea,Bridgetown,33 N,59 W,English,bb,Most easterly of Caribbean islands originally inhabited by Arawaks probably sighted by Portuguese Spanish arrived in 1518 & by 1536 no Amerindians remained English settlers arrived 17th cen. & brought Africans here as slaves for sugar plantations
Belarus,2,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Minsk,53 N,28 E,Belorussian,bo,Colonized by East Slavic tribes 5th-8th cen. AD ruled by Kiev from 9th cen. divided into several principalities 12th cen. Mongols invaded 13th cen. ruled by Lithuanians & Poles from 14th cen. by Russia from 18th cen. part of Soviet Union from 1922
Belgium,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Brussels,50 N,4 E,Dutch French German,be,Area was in cross-roads often changing rulers held by Celtic Belgae & Germanic tribes Romans Frankish-Merovingians Carolingians then various feudal states independent cities evolved in Middle Ages Burgundy ruled in 14th cen. Hapsburgs from 1482
Belize,-6,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Belmopan,17 N,88 W,English Spanish Mayan,bh,Mayan culture flourished 300 BC-AD 900 Corts probably crossed area in 1524 though not settled by Spanish settled by English seamen in mid-17th cen. Africans were brought here as slaves for logging industry Guatemala claims the territory
Benin,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Porto Novo,9 N,15 E,French Fon Yoruba Adja Bariba Somba Aizo,bn,Territory of modern Benin was an important native kingdom at its height 17th-19th cen. conquered by French who deposed its ruler & conquered Abomey in 1892 was part of French West Africa from 1895
Bhutan,6,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Thimpu,27 N,90 E,Dzonkha (Tibetan) Nepali English,bt,Inhabited by branch of Tibetian Mongolians chiefly Bhuddist Chinese domination 18th cen. British relations ca. 1772 British invasion & parts annexed to India 1865 external affairs managed by Britain 1910 & in consultation with India after 1949
Bolivia,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,La Paz,17 S,65 W,Spanish Quecha Ayamura,bl,Area inhabited by 20000 BC definable cultures developed 1st mill. BC home of Tiahuanaco culture 100-1200 AD Aymara-speaking kingdoms & Quechua-speaking Incan culture thrived 12-16th cen. Spanish arrived 1532 conquered the Incas by mid-16th cen
Bosnia and Herzegovina,1,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Sarajevo,44 N,17 E,Serbo Croatian,bk,Had Paleolithic settlements Slavic tribes arrived 7th cen. AD including Croats & Serbs principalities arose separated from Serbia in 960 ruled by Croatian kings ruled by Hungary from 1000 then by Turks from 1463 competing nationalists clashed 18th-19th cen. part of Austria-Hungary from 1878 of Yugoslavia from 1946 declared independence in 1991 has been torn by internal strife since spring 1992
Botswana,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Gaborone,22 S,24 E,English Tswana,bc,Earliest inhabitants of region were San Bushmen Sotho people immigrated ca. 1600 occupied by British in late 19th cen. divided into British Bechuanaland & Bechuanaland Protectorate (N of Molopo river) which became the independent republic of Botswana
Brazil (Atlantic),-1,-1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Brasilia,10 S,55 W,Portuguese,br,Large nation comprising Amazon basin in N & Brazilian plateau in S area was inhabited by Tup-Guaran peoples who were semi-nomadic & lived in scattered settlements sighted by Portuguese ca. 1500 colonization began in 1530
Brazil (Eastern),-3,2,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Brasilia,10 S,55 W,Portuguese,br,Large nation comprising Amazon basin in N & Brazilian plateau in S area was inhabited by Tup-Guaran peoples who were semi-nomadic & lived in scattered settlements sighted by Portuguese ca. 1500 colonization began in 1530
Brazil (Western),-4,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Brasilia,10 S,55 W,Portuguese,br,Large nation comprising Amazon basin in N & Brazilian plateau in S area was inhabited by Tup-Guaran peoples who were semi-nomadic & lived in scattered settlements sighted by Portuguese ca. 1500 colonization began in 1530
Brazil (Acre),-4,-1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Brasilia,10 S,55 W,Portuguese,br,Large nation comprising Amazon basin in N & Brazilian plateau in S area was inhabited by Tup-Guaran peoples who were semi-nomadic & lived in scattered settlements sighted by Portuguese ca. 1500 colonization began in 1530
Brunei Darussalam,8,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,East Asia,Bandar Seri Begawan,4 N,114 E,Malay English,bx,Powerful & populous pre-Spanish state visited by Magellan 1521 refuge for pirates powerful Muslim sultanate 16th cen. name "Borneo" used by Europeans for whole island British control 19th-20th cen. rejected membership in Federation of Malaysia 1963
Bulgaria,2,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Sofia,43 N,25 E,Bulgarian,bu,Inhabited by semi-nomadic Thracians 3500 BC Thracian state evolved 5th cen. BC invaded by Macedonians (3rd cen. BC) Romans Goths (3rd cen.) Huns Bulgars & Avars (6th cen.) ruled by Slavs Bulgars (7th cen.) Byzantium Mongols & Turks (1396-1878)
Burkina Faso,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Quadadougou,13 N,2 W,French Sudanese,uv,Earliest known inhabitants of area were Bobo Lobi & Gourounsi Mossi & Gourma immigrated in 14th cen. Mossi established a large empire 18th-19th cen. French colony was established in 20th cen. area was partitioned 1932-1947 then reconstituted
Burundi,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Bujumbura,3 S,30 E,Rundi French Swahili,by,Region is chiefly agricultural ruled by Tutsi kingdom under a number of kings from 16th cen. German rule 1890s after WW II was part of Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urundi after independence from Belgium several coups took place 1960s-1980s
Cambodia,7,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,East Asia,Phnom Penh,13 N,105 E,Khmer French,cb,Also known as Kampuchea. Area was home to Neolithic culture by 2nd mill. BC Hindu-Buddhist influence 1st cen. home of Khmer kingdom 5th-13th cen. province of Annam & Siam border disputes with Siam (Thailand) 19th-20th cen. border areas saw fighting in Vietnam War from 1961
Cameroon,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Yaounde,6 N,12 E,French English,cm,Earliest inhabitants of region were Pygmies Bantu-speakers followed & then Muslim Fulani 11th-19th cen. was part of Cameroons 1869-1922 under German later Anglo-French control united with former British trust territory S Cameroons in 1961
Canada (Newfoundland),-3.5,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Ottawa,60 N,96 W,English French,ca,Inhabited by ancestors of Amerindians & Inuit in Upper Palaeolithic or earlier evolved diverse cultures over vast area Norse settlements by AD 1000 English French Spanish & Portuguese claimed territory from 16th cen. under British control from 1759
Canada (Atlantic),-4,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Ottawa,60 N,96 W,English French,ca,Inhabited by ancestors of Amerindians & Inuit in Upper Palaeolithic or earlier evolved diverse cultures over vast area Norse settlements by AD 1000 English French Spanish & Portuguese claimed territory from 16th cen. under British control from 1759
Canada (Eastern),-5,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Ottawa,60 N,96 W,English French,ca,Inhabited by ancestors of Amerindians & Inuit in Upper Palaeolithic or earlier evolved diverse cultures over vast area Norse settlements by AD 1000 English French Spanish & Portuguese claimed territory from 16th cen. under British control from 1759
Canada (Central),-6,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Ottawa,60 N,96 W,English French,ca,Inhabited by ancestors of Amerindians & Inuit in Upper Palaeolithic or earlier evolved diverse cultures over vast area Norse settlements by AD 1000 English French Spanish & Portuguese claimed territory from 16th cen. under British control from 1759
Canada (Mountain),-7,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Ottawa,60 N,96 W,English French,ca,Inhabited by ancestors of Amerindians & Inuit in Upper Palaeolithic or earlier evolved diverse cultures over vast area Norse settlements by AD 1000 English French Spanish & Portuguese claimed territory from 16th cen. under British control from 1759
Canada (Pacific),-8,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Ottawa,60 N,96 W,English French,ca,Inhabited by ancestors of Amerindians & Inuit in Upper Palaeolithic or earlier evolved diverse cultures over vast area Norse settlements by AD 1000 English French Spanish & Portuguese claimed territory from 16th cen. under British control from 1759
Cape Verde,-1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Praia,16 N,14 W,Portuguese Creole,cv,Islands were uninhabited when the Venetian Ca da Mosto in the service of Henry of Portugal arrived in 1456 made part of royal domain in 1495 colonized by settlers & used as penal colony
Central African Rep.,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Bangui,7 N,21 E,French Sangho,ct,Early inhabitants were Pygmies Ubangi Banda & other groups arrived in 19th cen. French were in place by 1889 united with Chad 1906 part of French Equatorial Africa 1910 & separated from Chad 1920 French territory then republic of French Community
Chad,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Ndjamena,15 N,19 E,French Arabic,cd,Area occupied in N since Neolithic times home to Nilo-Saharan populations 3000 BC Berber migrations 8th cen. several powerful kingdoms flourished 9th-19th cen. French arrived 1891 was part of French Equatorial Africa 1910 later separate colony
Chile,-4,1,1,#10/13/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,South America,Santiago,30 S,70 W,Spanish,ci,Pre-Spanish inhabitants were nomadic tribes including Diaguita Picunche Pehunche Huilliche & Cunco dominated by the Araucanians Spanish penetration began in 1536 but attempt to conquer Araucano continued through 19th cen. Basques arrived 18th cen
China,8,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Beijing,23 N,123 E,Mandarin Chinese,ch,Another name: Chung-hua Min-kuo. Main island originally inhabited by Malayo-Polynesians settled by Chinese 7th cen. visited by Portuguese 16th cen. migrations from Chinese Fujian & Guangdong provinces 17th cen. Dutch arrived in 17th cen. refuge for Chinese Nationalists late 1940s
Colombia,-5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Bogota,4 N,72 W,Spanish,co,Area was inhabited mainly by Chibchan-speaking peoples at time of Spanish invasion 1525-1559 they were concentrated in W mountainous regions & had no strong political institutions part of Gran Colombia with Venezuela Ecuador & Panama 1819-1903
Congo,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Kinshasa,1 S,25 E,French English Swahili Sudanese,cg,Region had early Niger-Kordofanian populations was home of important Luba kingdom & Kuba chiefdoms during 16th-18th cen. Portuguese arrived in 15th cen. Belgium claimed the territory in 19th cen
Costa Rica,-6,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,San Jose,10 N,84 W,Spanish Jamaican English,cs,Inhabited by small independent tribes of Boruca Carib Chorotega Corobici & Nahua when Columbus landed in 1502 after many battles with native peoples conquered by Spain in 1563 part of Nicaraguan intendency in 18th cen. part of Mexican Empire 1821
Cte d'Ivoire,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,French,8 N,5 W,French,iv,Indigenous coastal settlements were isolated until Europeans arrived to exploit ivory & slaves in 15th cen. French made treaty with native rulers in 1842 & fought hinterland Mandingos 1885-1886 to gain control of region was part of French West Africa
Croatia,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Zagreb,45 N,15 E,Croatian,hr,Another name: Hrvatska. Area was part of ancient Pannonia settled by Slavic Croats from Ukraine 7th cen. AD formed kingdom in 10th cen. ruled by Hungary 1091-1526 then by Turks until late 17th cen. was part of Austria-Hungary was part of Yugoslavia from 1929
Cuba,-5,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Central America,Havana,21 N,80 W,Spanish,cu,Comprises a large island & several smaller ones area was inhabited by Ciboney Guanahatabey & Taino (Arawaks) when Columbus arrived in 1492 Spanish colonized in 1511 native people soon died Africans were brought here as slaves for plantations
Cyprus,2,0,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Asia (Mediterranean),Nicosia,35 N,33 E,Greek Turkish English,cy,Area had Neolithic culture by 6th mill. BC shares name & history with island independent from Britain in 1960 armed strife between Greek & Turkish populations Turkish north declared itself independent in 1983 but not recognized by the United Nations
Czech Republic,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Prague,50 N,15 E,Czech Slovak Polish German,ez,Home to agriculturists by 4000 BC Celtic Boii (Bohemian) people were supplanted by Slavs & Germanic tribes Slavic Czechs were dominant by 9th cen. was part of Premysl kingdom 895-1306 ruled by Hapsburgs from 1526 part of Czechoslovakia after WW I
Denmark,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Euroe,Copenhagen,56 N,10 E,Danish English German,da,Area was seat of changing cultures in Stone Bronze & Iron Ages settled by Danes 6th cen. raided & settled in England France & Low Countries 9-11th cen. ruled much of Baltic 12-13th cen. boundaries changed often 14-19th cen. most recently in 1920
Djibouti,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,AFrica,Djibouti,11 N,42 E,Arabic French Somali Afar,dj,Abl ancestors of Afars from Arabia settled in region 3rd cen. BC followed by Somali Issas in S Islam arrived 825 under Arab & Portuguese control 16-19th cen. French founded Somaliland protectorate 19th cen. part of region ceded to Eritrea 1935
Dominica,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Roseau,15 N,61 W,English French,do,Is a mountainous island earliest known inhabitants were Arawaks later driven out by Caribs sighted by Columbus in 1493 settled by French 18th cen. awarded to Britain 1783 Caribs died or were deported Africans brought as slaves in 18th cen
Dominican Republic,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Santo Domingo,19 N,70 W,Spanish,dr,Comprises E section of Hispaniola island (W section is Haiti) & smaller islands area was inhabited by Caribs who had conquered Arawaks when Columbus arrived in 1492 part of Spanish colony of Hispaniola through 17th cen. held by French 1785-1809
Ecuador,-5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Quito,2 S,77 W,Spanish,ec,Area was inhabited by several Amerindian peoples most early cultures were agrarian established Caras kingdom with capital at Quito conquered by the Incas of Peru after 1450 Spanish invasion began in 1534 part of Gran Colombia 1822-1830
Egypt,2,1,1,#4/25/2004 #,#9/26/2004 #,Africa,Cairo,27 N,30 E,Arabic English French,eg,Home to Neolithic cultures 6000 BC area of modern nation was core of ancient kingdom of Egypt Thinite dynasty united Upper & Lower Egypt ca. 3100 BC important Hellenistic center part of Roman Empire until Arab conquest in 640 then Mameluk & Ottoman
El Salvador,-6,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,San Salvador,13 N,89 W,Spanish Nahuatl,es,Area occupied by Pipil Amerindians (of Nahua descent) from 11th cen. reached by Alvarado in 1523 Pipil kingdom of Cuzcatln was subjugated by Spanish by 1539 administered by Guatemala until 19th cen. political turmoil plagued nation in 20th cen
England,0,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,London,54 N,4 W,English Scottish Gaelic Welsh,uk,Area was inhabited by ancient Celtic-speaking peoples invaded by Rome 55 BC Romans withdrew AD 410 invaded by Angles Saxons & Jutes Danes & Normans various parts have been united by England since 11th cen. was core of large empire 18th-20th cen
Equatorial Guinea,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Malabo,2 N,10 E,Spanish English Fang,ek,Area was inhabited by ancient Celtic-speaking peoples invaded by Rome 55 BC Romans withdrew AD 410 invaded by Angles Saxons & Jutes Danes & Normans various parts have been united by England since 11th cen. was core of large empire 18th-20th cen
Eritrea,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Asmara,15 N,39 E,Arabic Italian Tigrinya,er,Area was part of ancient Ethiopian kingdom of Axum before 7th cen. was claimed by Ottomans in 16th cen. & by Egypt & Italy in 19th cen. was part of modern nation of Ethiopia from 1960s but secessionists fought for independence
Estonia,2,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Tallinn,59 N,26 E,Estonian,en,Settled by prehistoric Finno-Ugric tribes traded with Rome & German tribes 1st-6th cen. AD invaded by Vikings 9th cen. by Russians 11th cen. ruled by Danes in N & Germans in S in 13th cen. by Livonian Order 14th cen. by Sweden & Russia 16-18th cen.
Ethiopia,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Addis Ababa,8 N,39 E,AmharicTigrinya Arabic English,et,Region was part of ancient nation of Ethiopia dominated by Egypt Sabaeans was Christian enclave isolated by Muslim conquest of adjacent area European contact 15th cen. modern Ethiopia defined as Theodore II conquered area 1855 civil unrest 1980-90s
Fiji Islands,12,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Suva,18 S,178 E,English Hindustani Bauan,fj,Comprises over 800 islands area was settled by Austronesian-speaking people in 2nd mill. BC development of pottery by 1300 BC sighted by Dutch Tasman 1643 visited by British in 18th cen. was haven for escaped convicts from Australia by 1804
Finland,2,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Helsinki,64 N,26 E,Finnish Swedish Russian,fi,Another name: Suomi. Area inhabited by 8th mill. BC had 2 Stone Age cultures both probably Finno-Ugrian Baltic Finns immigrated & pushed Lapps N in early centuries AD clans established by 8th cen. Christians arrived 11th cen. ruled by Sweden 1157-1809 then by Russia
France,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Paris,46 N,2 E,French Flemish Catalan Germanic,fr,Area inhabited by Lower Paleolithic Celt-speaking Gauls dominated by 5th cen. BC part of Roman Empire 125 BC-5th cen. then under Frankish influence lost land to England 12-16th cen. monarchy fell in Revolution 1792 recurring expansion 16-19th cen
Gabon,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Libreville,1 S,12 E,French Fang Myene,gb,Area had Paleolithic settlements Bantu-speakers immigrated around 100 BC Portuguese visited area in 15th cen. naming it with word for a coat after shape of Komo estuary Dutch British & French traded here was part of French Equatorial Africa
Gambia,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Banjul,13 N,15 W,English Arabic,ga,Comprises strips flanking Gambia River immigration of Wolof Malinke & Fulbe began 13th cen. established large kingdoms Portuguese arrived 1455 English 1618 disputed by French & British 18th cen. British-controlled & part of Sierra Leone 19th cen
Georgia,4,0,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Tbilisi,42 N,43 E,Georgian,gg,Another name: Sukartvilo. Area contained ancient kingdoms of Colchis & Iberia taken by Rome 64 BC became Christian 4th cen. ruled by Persia (ca. 555) & Arabs (8th cen.) invaded by Armenians Mongols & Turks (1071 & 1600) annexed to Russia 1801 part of Soviet Union from 1922
Germany,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Berlin,51 N,10 E,German,gm,Inhabited by Teutons Celts Slavs & Balts by 1st cen. BC partially ruled by Romans then Carolingians often broken into various states based on ethnic Alemanni Bavarians Upper & Lower Franks Thuringians & Frisians expansion 19th to mid-20th cen
Ghana,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Accra,8 N,2 W,English French Akan Mole Dagbani,gh,Ancient Ghana empire flourished in 13th cen. other important native states founded 14th-19th cen. Portuguese arrived 1482 captured by Dutch 1637 center for slave trade of Dutch English French & Danish 17th-19th cen. purchased by British 19th cen
GMT,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,England (Europe),-,51 N,0 E,English,uk,Used as a reference longitude for maintaining world time.
Greece,2,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Athens,39 N,22 E,Greek English French,gr,Another name: Ellas. Paleolithic settlements developed Minoan (Aegean) & Mycenaean (Indo-European) cultures 2000 BC Dorians invaded 12th cen. BC then Aeolians Ionians powerful states joined in leagues colonized conquered by Rome part of Byzantine & Ottoman Empires
Grenada,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America (Caribbean Sea),St. George's,12 N,61 W,English French,gj,Originally inhabited by Arawaks who were wiped out by the Caribs sighted by Columbus in 1498 Caribs were ousted by French settlers from Martinique in mid-17th cen. ceded to Britain in 1783 Africans were brought here as slaves emancipated in 1833
Guatemala,-6,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Guatemala,15 N,90 W,French Amerindian,gt,Area was inhabited by agriculturists by 2500 BC home to great Mayan civilization that flourished until 10th cen. conquistador Alvarado subjugated native peoples 1523-1524 16th-cen. captaincy of same name included larger area than present nation
Guinea,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Conakry,2 N,10 E,Spanish English Pigdin Fang,gv,Equatorial Guinea. Comprises mainland region & islands in gulf of Guinea first inhabitants were Pygmies Portuguese arrived in 1471 Bantu-speaking Fang & Bubi peoples immigrated 17th-19th cen. parts of region were under British & Spanish rule from 17th cen
Guinea-Bissau,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Bissau,12 N,15 W,Portuguese Criolo other African languages,pu,Comprises archipelago & mainland marshy area had agricultural settlements by 13th cen. became tributary of Mali empire Portuguese arrived in 1446 center in slave trade 17-18th cen. rival claims of Portuguese British & French settled 19th-20th cen
Guyana,-3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Georgetown,5 N,59 W,English Hindi Urdu,gy,Area was inhabited by Amerindians of whom little is known sighted by Columbus 1498 settled by Dutch early 17th cen. occupied by British during Napoleonic Wars many Africans came as slaves East Indians & Chinese came as indentured servants 19th cen.
Haiti,-5,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Port-au-Prince,19 N,72 W,Haitian Creole French,ha,Comprises W part of Hispaniola & some smaller islands was inhabited by Arawaks when Spaniards settled here most Arawaks were killed by late 16th cen. area was used by French pirates French established plantations brought Africans as slaves 17th cen.
Honduras,-6,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Tegucigalpa,15 N,86 W,Spanish English native Indian,ho,Area was part of Mayan civilization that flourished from 1st mill. BC population diminished ca. AD 800 charted by Columbus 1502 Spanish defeated chief Lempira's forces in 1539 & native peoples were decimated part of captaincy of Guatemala after 1570
Hong Kong,8,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,East Asia,-,22 N,114 E,Chinese English,hk,Another name: Xianggang. Human habitation of area dates to Neolithic Age influenced by N Chinese cultures particularly Lungshan inhabited by fishermen & pirates at time of British acquisition in 19th cen. ceded to Britain as a result of the first Opium War (1839-1842) Back in Chinese control since 1996.
Hungary,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Budapese,47 N,20 E,Magyar (Hungarian) German Slovak Romanian,hu,Another name: Magyarorszg. Agriculture developed by 4th mill. BC part of Roman Pannonia & Dacia inhabited by Illyrians & Celts held by Avars 7-9th cen. then Charlemagne Finno-Ugrian Magyars invaded defeated by Otto I 955 held by Mongols & Turks Austria-Hungary formed 1867
Iceland,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Reykjavik,65 N,18 W,Icelandic,ic,Of relatively recent geological origin Norwegian farming & fishing communities were established 9th cen. established national assembly (Althing) 930 united with Norway 1262 with Denmark 1380 independent kingdom in union with Denmark 1918 ended 1944
India,5.5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,New Delhi,20 N,77 E,English Hindi,in,Shares name & history with India subcontinent Alexander invaded 327 BC partially united at various times including under Muarya & Gupta dynasties Delhi sultanate Bahmani dynasty Vijayanagar Moguls & Marathas European domination began 18th cen
Indonesia (West),7,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,East Asia,Jakarta,5 S,120 E,Bahasa Indonesia (Malay) English Dutch Javanese,id,Settled by Proto-Malay peoples of Asia from Neolithic time to 1000 BC relations with China & India from 1st cen. powerful kingdoms ruled from 9th cen. Islam arrived in 13th cen. Dutch visited 1595 competed with British & French for land 17-19th cen
Indonesia (Central),8,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,East Asia,Jakarta,5 S,120 E,Bahasa Indonesia (Malay) English Dutch Javanese,id,Settled by Proto-Malay peoples of Asia from Neolithic time to 1000 BC relations with China & India from 1st cen. powerful kingdoms ruled from 9th cen. Islam arrived in 13th cen. Dutch visited 1595 competed with British & French for land 17-19th cen
Indonesia (East),9,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,East Asia,Jakarta,5 S,120 E,Bahasa Indonesia (Malay) English Dutch Javanese,id,Settled by Proto-Malay peoples of Asia from Neolithic time to 1000 BC relations with China & India from 1st cen. powerful kingdoms ruled from 9th cen. Islam arrived in 13th cen. Dutch visited 1595 competed with British & French for land 17-19th cen
Iran,3.5,-2.5,1,#3/20/2004 #,#9/22/2004 #,Asia,Tehran,32 N,53 E,Persian Kurdish Turki,ir,Area inhabited by 100000 BC Indo-Europeans arrived 2000 BC ruled by Alexander 331 BC under Seleucid Parthian & Bactrian Sassanidae Muslim Arab & Mongol rule ruled by Safawids 16th cen. Kajar dynasty 18-20th cen. Anglo-Russian rivalry 20th cen
Iraq,3,1,1,#4/1/2004 #,#10/1/2004 #,Asia,Baghdad,33 N,44 E,Arabic English Kurdish (in Kurdish autonomous regions),iz,Area was center of civilization from 10th mill. BC Sumerians arrived 3500 BC Akkadian empire developed 2350 BC then Babylonian (18th cen. BC) & Assyrian (7th cen. BC) was invaded by Persians Alexander Romans Byzantines Arabs (7th cen.) & Ottomans
Ireland,0,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Dublin,53 N,8 W,Irish Gaelic English,ei,Shares name & history with Ireland island ruled by warring tribal kings of Leinster Connaught Munster Meath & Ulster (much of Ulster is now N Ireland) ruled by England 12th cen. many insurrections to gain independence from Britain 16th-20th cen
Israel,2,1,1,#3/28/2004 #,#10/6/2004 #,Asia,Tel Aviv,31 N,35 E,Hebrew Arabic,is,Area inhabited 100000 BC farming & herding by 10000 BC ruled by Hebrews Egyptians Persians Romans & Ottomans shares name with kingdom existing 1025-933 BC much strife between Israel & neighbors 1948-1990s holds territory from 1967 "Six Day War"
Italy,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Rome,42 N,13 E,Italian German French Slovene,it,Inhabited since 50000 BC settled by Indo-Europeans 1850 BC Etruscans 1600 BC & Greeks 800 BC united by Romans 270 BC independent states rose after fall of Holy Roman Empire notably Naples Milan Florence Venice & papacy reunited in 19th cen.
Jamaica,-5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Kingston,18 N,77 W,English Jamaican Spanish French African languages,jm,Originally inhabited by Arawaks who migrated from other islands ca. AD 700 Spanish colonized 16th cen. brought W Africans as slaves for sugar plantations 17th cen. British acquired area 1670 Maroons (organized runaway slaves) rebelled 17-18th cen
Japan,9,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Tokyo,36 N,138 E,Japanese,ja,Another name: Nihon.Early inhabitants Ainu were driven N by Manchu-Korean & Malayan invaders imperial line was founded 7th cen. BC adopted handwriting & much of Chinese culture 6th-9th cen. emperor controlled by Shogunates 12th-19th cen. European contact 16-19th cen.
Jordan,2,1,1,#3/27/2004 #,#9/25/2004 #,Asia,Amman,31 N,36 E,Arabic,jo,Area was inhabited by Lower Paleolithic earliest states formed by 13th cen. BC was part of historic Palestine region under British protection after 1920 wars with Israel 1948-1949 & 1967 territory W of Jordan River under Israeli control since 1967
Kazakhstan,6,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Astana,48 N,68 E,Kazakh Russian,kz,Area was inhabited by Turkish tribes at time of Mongol takeover by Golden Horde in 13th cen. came under Russian rule in 18th cen. was part of USSR from 1936
Kenya,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Nairobi,1 N,38 E,English Swahili,ke,Especially noted for populations of animals & early hominid sites Masai invaded in 18th cen. area was traversed by caravans of Arabs & Swahili-speakers searching for ivory visited by British in 19th cen. was under British control until independence
Kiribati,12,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Tarawa,5 S,170 W,English Gilbertese,kr,Comprises 33 coral islands settled by Austronesian-speakers before 1st cen. BC Fijans & Tongans arrived 14th cen. Spanish landed 16th cen. visited by British & American whalers 18th-19th cen. part of British Gilbert & Ellice Islands Colony from 1915
Kuwait,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Kuwait city,29 N,48 E,Arabic English,ku,Important oil-producing state on a wedge of desert territory between Iraq & Saudi Arabia had important civilization by 3rd mill. BC was colonized by Greece passed to Seleucids then Romans today ruled by descendants of dynasty founded in 18th cen
Kyrgyzstan,5,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Bishkek,41 N,75 E,Kyrgyz,kg,Area was inhabited by nomadic Turkic-speaking Mongolian Kirghiz by 7th cen. under Kokand khanate in 19th cen. annexed to Russia in 1864 native population resisted the czar in 1916 & the Bolsheviks 1917-1921 was part of the Soviet Union from 1936
Laos,7,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Vientiane,18 N,105 E,Lao Tai French English,la,Nearly same area as modern nation was united as one kingdom 14th-18th cen. hostilities with Burmese & Thais 16th cen. Thais captured capital 1778 Franco-Thai border clashes late 19th cen. civil strife 1960s Communist areas bombed in Vietnam War
Latvia,2,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Riga,57 N,25 E,Latvian,lg,Inhabited by prehistoric Finno-Ugric tribes traded with Rome & German lands 1st-6th cen. AD settled by Baltic Latgallians battled expanding Scandinavian & Slavic tribes 8th-11th cen. ruled by Livonia (13th cen.-1561) Poland Germany & Russia
Lebanon,2,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Beirut,34 N,36 E,Arabic French English Armenian,le,Area was home to Syrian Maronite Christians from 7th cen. massacres by Druse Muslims led to establishment of Christian governor appointed by Ottomans in 1861 was part of French mandate named Syria from 1920 suffered internal strife after independence
Lesotho,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Maseru,30 S,28 E,English Sotho Zulu Xhosa,lt,Enclave located within borders of South Africa originally inhabited by bushmen Bantu people arrived 16th cen. area disputed in 19th cen. by Boers & British under British control until independence part of Cape Colony 1871-1884
Liberia,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Monrovia,6 N,9 W,English Niger Congo,li,Indigenous inhabitants were of Mande Kiva & W Atlantic groups when Africans from America settled here in early 20th cen. name derives from Latin for "free" nation having been founded to provide home for freed slaves
Libya,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Tripoli,25 N,17 E,Arabic Italian English,ly,Region of modern Libya comprises ancient Tripoli Cyrenaica & Fezzan successively under control of Phoenicians Greeks Romans Vandals & Byzantines Arabs ruled from 7th cen. Turks 16th-20th cen. named for tribe living in Cyrenaica in 2nd mill. BC
Lithuania,2,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Vilnius,56 N,24 E,Lithuanian,lh,Settled by Liths by 1500 BC local cultures flourished AD 1st-6th cen. traded with Rome & German tribes retained non-Christian culture until conquered by German military orders 13-15th cen. united with Poland 1386 controlled by Russia from 18th cen
Luxembourg,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Luxembourg,50 N,6 E,French German,lu,Inhabited by Belgic Treveri tribe when Romans invaded 57 BC Germanic tribes invaded ca. 400 part of Frankish kingdom of Austrasia & of Carolingian empire ruled by counts of Luxembourg 11th cen. by Burgundy 1440s was part of Spanish Netherlands
Macedonia,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Skopje,42 N,20 E,Macedonian,mk,Area was part of ancient Macedonia colonized by Greece 8th cen. BC ruled by Persia (5th cen. BC) Rome (146 BC) & Byzantium invaded by Goths & Huns held by Slavs 6th cen. AD ruled by Serbia (14th cen.) Turks & Greece part of former Yugoslavia 1946
Madagascar,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Antananarivo,20 S,47 E,Malaygasy French,ma,Fourth largest island in the world Malayo/Indonesian immigration occurred ca. 1000 BC via African coast Africo-Arabs arrived later Portuguese landed ca. 1500 several important native kingdoms flourished 17th-19th cen. French settled 17th-18th cen
Malawi,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Lilongwe,13 S,34 E,English Chewa Tombuka,mi,Nation is transversed by Great Rift Valley settled by forebears of Twa & Fula 8000 BC Bantu arrived ca. 100 states founded by Bantu Ngonde & Chikulamayembe 15th-18th cen. visited by Livingstone 1891 anti-slavery Scottish missions founded 19th cen
Malaysia,8,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Kuala Lumpur,2 N,112 E,Bahasa Malaysia Chinese English Tamil,my,Area settled by 4000 BC had significant Stone & Bronze Age cultures Indian influence by 2nd cen. BC Chinese & Islamic from 1400 Portuguese & Dutch arrived 16-17th cen. invasions from Sumatra & Celebes 17-18th cen. British & Indian control 19th cen
Maldives,5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Male,3 N,73 E,Divehi English,mv,Comprises clusters of islands in Indian Ocean settled by 5th cen. BC by peoples from Ceylon & S India Islam introduced 12th cen. generally free of European domination except for Portuguese rule 16th cen. & British protection 19th to mid-20th cen
Mali,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Bamako,17 N,4 W,French othe African languages,ml,Area was home to Paleolithic settlements was traversed by caravans from 300 AD S region was heart of great Mali Empire 12th-15th cen. Moors invaded in 16th cen. French controlled area from 1881
Malta,1,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Valletta,36 N,14 E,Maltese English,mt,Comprises 3 islands in strategic location in Mediterranean inhabited since 3800 BC ruled by Carthaginians (8th cen. BC) Rome (until 395) Constantinople Arabs (870) & Normans (1091) ceded to Hospitalers (Knights of St. John) in 1530 British by 1802
Marshall Islands,12,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Majuro,11 N,168 E,Marshallese English,rm,Composed of 32 atolls & over 860 reefs in W Pacific probably charted by Spanish 16th cen. explored by Englishmen Gilbert & Marshall 1788 purchased from Spain by Germany 1885 Japanese & USA control 20th cen. controls own foreign policy except defense
Mauritania,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Nouakchott,20 N,12 W,Arabic French Fula Wolof,mr,Earliest inhabitants of region were blacks & Sanhadja Berbers was center for Almoravid Berbers 11th cen. Arabs invaded & Portuguese arrived 15th cen. disputed by several European nations under French control from 1817 part of French West Africa 1904
Mauritius,4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Port Louis,20 S,57 E, though Creole French Hindi Urdu Hakka Bojpoori,mp,Island nation in Indian Ocean was known to Arab seafarers by 10th cen. main island Mauritius was charted by Portuguese in 1505 was held by Dutch throughout 17th cen. by French most of 18th cen. ceded to British 1814 & held until independence
Mexico,-6,0,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Central America,Mexico,23 N,102 W,Spanish,mx,Center of great civilizations since 1st mill. BC including Olmec Zapotec Mixtec Toltec Mayan & Aztec Spain conquered the area in 16th cen. was hub of viceroyalty of New Spain had territorial battles with USA France Britain & Spain in 19th cen
Monaco,1,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Monte Carlo,44 N,7 E,French Italian,mn,Small nation located on Mediterranean Riviera area had Stone Age settlements known to Phoenicians Greeks Carthaginians & Romans Genoese claimed it in 1191 Grimaldi family reign began in 1297 & continues today generally has been allied with France
Mongolia,8,0,1,#3/29/2004 #,#9/26/2004 #,Asia,Ulaanbaatar,46 N,105 E,Mangolian Turkic Russian Chinese,mg,Shares history with Mongolia region home to Neolithic cultures center of Hunnic empire 3rd cen. BC ruled by Turks from 4th cen. Mongol Empire established by Genghis Khan 13th cen. ruled by Manchus 17-19th cen. disputed by China & Russia 20th cen
Morocco,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Rabat,32 N,5 W,Arabic French,mo,Area of modern Morocco was Roman province of Mauretania was successively invaded by Muslims Berbers Spain Portugal England & France 7th-20th cen. split between French & Spanish Morocco until mid-20th cen. West Sahara & Algerian borders disputed
Mozambique,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Maputo,18 S,35 E,Portuguese Swahili,mz,Inhabited by Bantu peoples from N 1st-4th cen. Arabs settled coast 15th cen. Portuguese arrived 16th cen. expanded to interior after agreement with British 19th cen. divided in 2 parts (Mozambique Company Territory & Mozambique Territory) until 1942
Myanmar,6.5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Rangoon,22 N,98 E,Burmese Chinese Indian Thai,bm,Settled in 5th mill. BC early home to Mongolian people from Tibet from 5th cen. BC Hindus settled 3rd cen. united under dynasty at Pagan 11th cen. overthrown by Mongols 13th cen. united under Toungoo dynasty 16th cen. & as modern state in 18th cen.
Namibia,1,1,1,#9/1/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,Africa,Windhoek,22 S,17 E,English Afrikaans German,wa,Area was originally inhabited by San Bushmen & Khoikhoi people Namib desert was barrier to settlement Portuguese landed in region 1486 wars between native Herreros & Hottentots occurred annexed by Germany late 19th cen. captured in WW I by S Africa
Nauru,12,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,-,32 S,167 E,Nauruan English,nr,Small isolated island nation in W Pacific probably settled in different periods by drift settlements from various Pacific islands Europeans arrived in 1798 was under joint trust of Australia Britain & New Zealand after WW II
Nepal,5.75,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Kathmandu,28 N,84 E,Nepalese Hindi,np,Landlocked region isolated by Himalayas cultural & religious center by 4th cen. under medieval Buddhist & Hindu Rajput dynasties of India Gurkha king overthrew ruling Mallas in 18th cen. expansion into India caused war with Britain in early 19th cen
New Zealand,12,1,1,#10/5/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,Oceania,Wellington,42 S,174 E,English Maori,nz,Comprises mountainous islands Polynesian settlements 1st cen. BC Maoris of SE Asia mid-14th cen. charted by Dutch Tasman 1642 by British Cook 1769 colonized by European whalers & missionaries wars between British immigrants & Maoris mid-19th cen.
Nicaragua,-6,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Managua,13 N,85 W,Spanish English,nu,Earliest inhabitants immigrated from S America over 2000 years ago waves of others arrived beginning in 10th cen. in 16th cen. Spanish conquered Amerindians easily after Christianization of leading tribe civil strife has been intermittent since 1938
Niger,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Niamey,16 N,8 E,French Hausa Djerma,ng,Region had Paleolithic settlements Taureg people arrived by 11th cen. powerful sultanates & kingdoms flourished 15th-19th cen. explored by Europeans 18th cen. part of French West Africa 1904 boundaries demarcated by Anglo-French accords 1899 & 1904
Nigeria,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Abuja,10 N,8 E,English Hausa Yeruba,ni,Earliest identified culture in region was Nok 4th cen. BC part of Songhai Empire 10-16th cen. Spain & Portugal invaded 16th cen. other Europeans 18-19th cen. native king ceded Lagos to Britain 1861 borders & administration changed often 19-20th cen.
North Korea,9,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,PyongYang,40 N,127 E,Korean,kn,Another name: Choson Minjujuui In'min Konghwaguk. Shares history with Korean Peninsula part of Choson kingdom established by Chinese 12th cen. BC China dominated from 3rd cen. BC Buddhism arrived 4th cen. invaded by Mongols 13th cen. by Japanese 16th cen. divided from South Korea after WW II
Norway,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Oslo,62 N,10 E,Norwegian,no,Another name: Norge. Area inhabited by 5000 BC new migrants arrived 3000 BC contact with Roman-occupied Gaul 1st cen. ruled by chieftans from 4th cen. states established 9th cen. Vikings colonized Greenland & N America 9-11th cen. joined with Sweden & Denmark 1389-1814
Oman,4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Muscat,21 N,57 E,Arabic English,mu,Western border is undefined area was inhabited by 10000 BC possibly was Magan of Sumerian legend Islam arrived in 7th cen. was subject to Portugal 16th cen. was core of powerful Arab state British from 19th cen. suffered civil strife in 20th cen
Pakistan,5,0,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/5/2004 #,Asia,Islamabad,30 N,70 E,Urdu English Punjabi Sindhi Pashtu Baluchi,pk,Area was inhabited by 3500 BC urban cultures developed in Indus Valley by late 4th mill. BC Aryan-speakers immigrated 2nd mill. BC Hindu culture dominated by 4th cen. AD ruled by Muslims 8th-16th cen. then by Mughals part of British India 1857-1947
Palau,9,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Koror,6 N,134 E,English Palaun,ps,Early inhabitants were Micronesians (Malay Melanesian & Polynesian) Spanish visited islands in 1543 retained control until they were sold to Germany 1899 after WW II became part of US Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Panama,-5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Panama,9 N,80 W,Spanish English,pm,Inhabited by Cuna Guaym & Choc peoples when Spaniards arrived in 16th cen. native population was decimated Africans were brought here as slaves Scottish company attempted colony 1698 part of viceroyalties of Peru & New Granada 18th-19th cen
Papua New Guinea,10,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Port Moresby,6 S,147 E,English Pigdin English,pp,Occupies eastern half of New Guinea island largely tropical with thick forests & exotic flora & fauna inhabited by many tribes representing hundreds of linguistic groups sighted by Portuguese in 16th cen. claimed by Britain & Australia in 19th cen
Paraguay,-4,1,1,#9/1/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,South America,Asuncion,23 S,58 W,Spanish,pa,Original inhabitants of area were Guaran-speaking Amerindians who were seminomadic & practiced agriculture hunting & fishing Spanish arrived in early 16th cen. Jesuits had great power 1606-1767 part of viceroyalty Ro de la Plata 1776-1810
Peru,-5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Lima,10 S,76 W,Spanish Quenchua Aymera,pe,Area was inhabited by 8000 BC advanced cultures existed by 13th cen. seat of Incan empire established ca. 1230 conquest of neighbors began in 1438 Spanish arrived in 1524 invaded Incan area & killed king area remained loyal to Spain into 19th cen
Philippines,8,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Manila,13 N,122 E,Pilipino English,rp,Another name: Pilipinas. Comprises over 7000 islands area first settled by Negritos (a pygmy group) by 30000 BC later settled by Malayans Islam introduced by Arabs 14th cen. Spanish conquest began 1564 endured conflict with Moros of South & Chinese revolution 1896-1899
Poland,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Warsaw,52 N,20 E,Polish,pl,Another name: Polska. Inhabited by Slavic tribes 2nd mill. BC Ostrogoths Slavs Huns & Avars immigrated small states formed 9th cen. united in kingdom 1025 part of Polish-Lithuanian empire 15-16th cen. invaded by Tartars Ottomans & Russians borders shrank 18-20th cen
Portugal,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Lisbon,40 N,8 W,Portuguese,po,Inhabited by 500000 BC distinct cultures emerged 6th mill. BC Celts invaded 1st mill. BC later called Lusitanians ruled by Romans (2nd cen. BC) Germanic Suebi Visigoths (5th cen.) Moors (711) & Burgundy (1095) colonized globally 14th-17th cen
Qatar,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Doha,26 N,51 E,Arabic English,qa,Nation comprises low lying peninsula in SW Persian Gulf & some islands first mentioned by Arab writers 10th cen. Al Khalifah people settled here 18th cen. clashes with Persians 18th cen. Ottomans 19th cen. treaties with Britain 1868-1971
Republic of Congo,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Brazzaville,1 S,15 E,French African languages,cf,Home to over 75 tribes mainly of Bantu origin pre-colonial region mostly uninhabited Loango & Teke kingdoms became powerful in 17th cen. area visited by Portuguese 15th cen. though French were first Europeans to penetrate inland & colonize 19th cen
Republic of Moldova,2,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Chisinau,47 N,29 E,Romanian,md,Area was part of ancient Moldavia part of Scythia 1st mill. BC part of Roman Dacia invaded by various nomadic tribes from 9th cen. part of principality of Moldavia 1359 ruled by Ottomans then Russia part of the Soviet Union from 1940
Romania,2,0,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Bucharest,46 N,25 E,Romanian,ro,Area inhabited by Illyrians Thracians & Scythians 1st mill. BC Greeks settled in 7th cen. BC & Dacians in 4th cen. BC subjugated by Rome then by Goths divided into states including Walachia & Moldavia by 14th cen. vassal of Ottomans 14-19th cen
Russia (zone 1),2,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 2),4,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 3),4,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 4),5,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 5),6,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 6),7,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 7),8,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 8),9,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 9),10,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 10),11,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Russia (zone 11),12,1,1,#3/30/2004 #,#10/26/2004 #,Asia,Moscow,60 N,47 E,Russian,rs,Area was inhabited by many early cultures including Scythians (7th cen. BC) Sarmatians Goths (AD 3rd cen.) Huns Avars Khazars Bulgars & Slavs Varangians (Scandinavians) created Russian state 9th cen. was core of large empire & Soviet Union (1922)
Rwanda,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Kigali,2 S,30 E,French Rwandan,rw,Landlocked but adjacent to Lac Kivu mostly at altitude of over 5000 feet Tutsi tribe invaded in 16th cen. replacing Hutu rule & forming monarchy formerly part of German East Africa then of Belgian Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian East Africa)
Samoa,-11,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Apia,13 S,172 W,Samoan English,ws,Comprises western Samoa Islands area was settled by Polynesians (probably from Tonga) of lapita tradition by 1000 BC large societies developed by 300 BC controlled by Germany Britain & USA late 19th cen. controlled by New Zealand after WW I
San Marino,1,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,San Marino,44 N,12 E,Italian,sm,Physically located within Italy was settled in prehistoric times & by Romans traditionally was founded as refuge from religious persecution by St. Marinus in 4th cen. commune developed by 12th cen. & remained independent through the centuries
Sao Tome and Principe,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Sao Tome,1 N,7 E,Portuguese,tp,Comprises two islands in the Gulf of Guinea on the equator first visited by Portuguese 1469-1472 became important producer of sugar was port of call for ships sailing to the East Indies violent resistance to Portuguese rule culminated in riots 1953
Saudi Arabia,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Riyadh,25 N,45 E,Arabic,sa,Area shares history with Arabian Peninsula dual kingdom of Nejd & Hejaz formed 1926 by ibn-Saud later renamed as single kingdom boundary disputes with neighbors 1930s-1950s boundaries with Yemen Oman & United Arab Emirates are still not defined
Senegal,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Dakar,14 N,14 W,French Wolof Pular,sg,Inhabited since Paleolithic Age traditional home of Tukulor people links formed with North Africa in 10th cen. Portuguese settlements 15th cen. French mid-17th cen. hinterland explored mid-19th cen. part of Confederation of Senegambia from 1982
Seychelles,4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Victoria,5 S,56 W,French English Creole,se,Comprises two groups of 115 scattered islands in the Indian Ocean population is largely descended from French colonists & freed Africans colonized by French in 1768 incorporated as dependency of Mauritius under British rule 1814-1903
Sierra Leone,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Freetown,8 N,11 W,English,sl,First inhabitants were Bulom on coast Krim & Gola came ca. 1400 Mende & Temne invaded in 15th cen. Portuguese arrived in 1462 then English slave traders was 18th-cen. haven for runaway slaves English & French dispute over hinterland late 19th cen
Singapore,8,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Singapore,1 N,104 E,English Malay Chinese Tamil,sn,Comprises Singapore Island & 50 islets inhabited by fishermen & pirates then part of Sumatran Empire of Srivijaya until 14th cen. successively Javanese- Siamese- & Malaccan-ruled European control from 16th cen. seat of Straits Settlements 1826
Slovakia,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Bratislava,49 N,19 E,Slovak Czech Hungarian Ukrainian,lo,Inhabited by agriculturists by 5th mill. BC settled by Illyrian Celtic & Germanic tribes from 1st cen. AD Slavic Slovaks (akin to Czechs) entered from Silesia 6th cen. ruled by Hungary 11th cen. later by Hapsburgs part of Czechoslovakia after WW I
Slovenia,1,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,Ljubljana,46 N,15 E,Slovene,si,Settled by Slovenes 6th cen. AD ruled by Franks & Bavarians held by Austria from 1335 through 19th cen. except for short period under Napoleon's Illyrian Provinces (1809-1813) part of former Yugoslavia from 1918
Solomon Islands,11,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Honiara,8 S,159 E,English Pidgin English,bp,Shares history with islands of same name settled by 2000 BC had lapita culture by 1000 BC sighted by Spanish 1568 visited by French 1768 settled by missionaries & traders & divided between Britain & Germany 19th cen. ruled by Australia after WW I
Somalia,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Mogadishu,6 N,48 E,Somali Arabic Italian Swahili,so,Area of of modern nation was home of early Khiosan then Afro-Asiatic settlements area was ruled by powerful Arab sultanate in Middle Ages modern nation was created by union of British & Italian Somalilands border disputes with Ethiopia & Kenya 1960s
South Africa,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Pretoria,30 S,26 E,Afrikaans English Ndebele Pedi Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa & Zulu,sf,San Bushmen arrived in area 10000 BC Iron Age Bantu-speakers immigrated for centuries until 15th cen. Dias arrived on Cape 1488 Dutch 1650s British & Boer dispute led to war 1899-1902 non-Europeans were granted limited government participation 1983
South Korea,9,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Seoul,37 N,127 E,Korean English Chinese,ks,Another name: Taehan Min'guk Shares history with Korean Peninsula was part of Choson kingdom first founded in 12th cen. BC dominated by China from 3rd cen. BC Buddhism arrived 4th cen. invaded by Mongols 13th cen. by Japanese 16th cen. divided from North Korea after WW II
Spain,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Madrid,40 N,4 W,Spanish Catalan Galician Basque,sp,Area inhabited by Neanderthals 20000 BC Homo Sapiens 13000 BC growth of Almera culture 3000 BC El Argar 2000 BC & Tartessus 1000 BC colonized by Phoenicians Greeks Romans & Visigoths Muslim conquest 8th cen. global expansion 15th-19th cen
Sri Lanka,5.5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Colombo,7 N,81 E,Sinhalese Tamil English,ce,Settled by proto-Australoid peoples from S Asia Indo-Europeans immigrated 5th cen. BC developed into Sinhalese was Buddhist center by 3rd cen. BC invasions by Hindu Tamils from India 1st-12th cen. visited by Arabs 12th cen. Europeans 16th cen.
St Vincent & Grenadines,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Saint Georges,13 N,61 W,English French,gj,Inhabited by Caribs when Columbus sighted main island in 1498 Caribs repelled early European invasions some settlement by Black Caribs (from African slaves shipwrecked in 1675) French & British vied for area 18th cen. Africans were brought as slaves
Sudan,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Khartoum,15 N,30 E,Arabic Nubian Sudanese,su,Area had settlements 30000 BC home to Nilo-Saharan & Niger-Kodofanian civilizations occupied by Libya then Egypt 2000 BC Christian & Muslim states conquered by Egypt 1820 ravaged by slave trade 19th cen. joint British/Egyptian rule early 20th cen
Suriname,-3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Paramaribo,4 N,56 W,Dutch Hindustani Javanese Chinese Spanish,ns,Inhabited by Surinen peoples who were driven out by other Amerindians before 16th cen. Spain claimed area 1593 Dutch settled in dispute with British 17th cen. Africans came as slaves 17th cen. then indentured servants from China Java & India came
Swaziland,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Mbabane,26 S,31 E,English Swazi,wz,Area was home of early Niger-Kordofanian populations settled by Swazi branch of Zulu nation early 1880s nearly surrounded by South Africa but guaranteed independence by Transvaal & Britain 1880s administered by British governor after Boer War
Sweden,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Stockholm,62 N,15 E,Swedish Finnish,sw,Another name: Swerige. European hunters arrived here 12000 BC settled by Svear Lapps Herules Danes & Goths 1st mill. BC controlled E trade route to Byzantium & Baghdad during Viking Era colonized Russia united with Denmark & Norway 14-16th cen. with Norway 19th cen
Switzerland,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Bern,47 N,8 E,German French Italian Romansch,sz,Another name: Schweiz. Area settled in pre-Christian period had Roman encampments 1st cen. Germanic tribes invaded 3rd-6th cen. ruled by Franks 9th cen. Holy Roman Empire from 11th cen. first confederation of cantons was established 13th cen. others joined 14th-19th cen
Syrian Arab Republic,2,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#9/29/2004 #,Asia,Damascus,35 N,38 E,Arabic,sy,Earliest inhabitants of area were probably Natufians ca. 10000 BC home to several great cultures including Akkadians & Amorites 3rd-2nd mill. BC ruled by Alexander Romans Arabs & Ottomans shares name with ancient country covering wider area
Tajikistan,6,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Dushanbe,39 N,71 E,Tajik,ti,Area was inhabited by the Tadzhiks an Iranian people by the 10th cen. was conquered by Mongols in 13th cen. was part of the khanate of Bukhara in 16th cen. was part of Russian Turkistan in 19th cen. was part of Soviet Union from 1924
Tanzania,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Dar es Salaam,6 S,35 E,English Swahili,tz,Area was inhabited by Caucasoid Cushites 1st mill. BC Bantu-speakers immigrated ca. 500 AD coastal area ruled in turn by Arabs Portuguese Oman & historic Zanzibar Germans & British competed for area 19th cen. united with Zanzibar island 1964
Thailand,7,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Bangkok,15 N,100 E,Thai,th,Another name: Prathet Thai. Area has been inhabited continuously for 20000 years was part of ancient Mon-Khmer kingdom separate state was formed by Thai people ca. 1350 had territorial disputes with Burma 15th-18th cen. some territory seized by British & French 18th-19th cen
Timor-Leste,9,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,-,8 S,126 E,Malay,id,Comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor small surrounding islands & area around Okussi on NW coast was under Portuguese control in 19th cen. & after WW II was invaded & incorporated into Indonesia in 1975. Became independent country in 2002.
Togo,0,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Lome,8 N,1 E,French,to,Earliest known settlements were by Gur-speaking Voltaic peoples in north & Kwa peoples in south Ewe from Nigeria immigrated 14th cen. Ane from Ghana settled in 17th cen. part of German-controlled Togoland late 19th cen. Anglo-French domination 1914
Tonga,13,0,1,#11/2/2004 #,#3/30/2004 #,Oceania,Nuku Alofa,20 S,175 W,Tongan English,tn,Comprises over 150 islands inhabited by Melanesians of lapita tradition 14th cen. BC dominion extended as far as Hawaii by 13th cen. AD visited by Dutch in 17th cen. British 18th cen. civil wars 19th cen. nation unified under King George Toupou I
Trinidad and Tobago,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Central America,Port-of-Spain,11 N,61 W,English Hindi French Spanish,td,Comprises 2 main islands off Venezuelan coast originally inhabited by Arawaks Caribs conquered Tobago visited by Columbus 1498 Trinidad settled by Spanish 16th cen. Amerindians were killed British acquired islands 1797-1802 Africans came as slaves
Tunisia,1,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Tunis,34 N,9 E,Arabic French,ts,Shares name with historic Barbary state & Roman province area had Phoenician settlements 12th cen. BC part of Carthaginian kingdom 6th cen. BC in French control late 19th cen. leading to Italy's accession to Triple Alliance in 1882
Turkey,2,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Asia,Ankara,39 N,35 E,Turkish,tu,Indigenous Anatolian peoples were invaded by Indo-European Hittites forming empire ca. 1900 BC ruled by Persians 6th cen. BC then Greeks then Romans 1st cen. BC settled by Turks from central Asia 11th cen. was heart of Ottoman Empire 13-19th cen
Turkmenistan,5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Ashgabat,40 N,60 E,Turkmen,tx,Area was ruled by Achaemenid Persians then Arabs (8th cen.) inhabited by Turki tribes notably the Tekke from 10th cen. ruled by Genghis Khan & Tamerlane 13th & 14th cen. then Uzbeks part of Russian Turkistan 19th cen. part of Soviet Union 1924
Tuvalu,12,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Funafuti,8 S,178 E,Tuvaluan English,tv,Comprises 9 coral atolls original Melanesian inhabitants were invaded by Polynesians from Samoa 16th cen. sighted by British John Byron 1764 part of Britain's Gilbert & Ellice Islands Colony 1915 separated from Gilberts (now Kiribati) 1974
Uganda,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Kampala,2 N,33 E,English Swahili Lugandan,ug,Area was home of early Niger-Kordofanian populations was center of important native kingdom Bantu Cwezi kings were overthrown by Luo in 16th cen. visited by Arab traders in 1830s British explorers & missionaries arrived in mid-19th cen
Ukraine,2,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Kiev,49 N,32 E,Ukrainian,up,Settled by 9th mill. BC in crossroads was home to many early cultures including Pontic Tardenosian Thracian-Cimmerian (1850 BC) Cimmerian (1300 BC) Scythian (670 BC) & Sarmatian settled by Ukrainians & Ruthenians AD 6th cen. part of USSR from 1923 till break up in 1990s.
United Arab Emirates,4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Abu Dhabi,24 N,54 E,Arabic English,tc,Federation of 7 internally self-governing emirates on E Arabian Peninsula region had important Sumerian trading sites by 3000 BC conversion to Islam 7th cen. Portuguese arrived 16th cen. treaties with Britain 1820-1971 Ra's al-Khaymah joined in 1972
Uruguay,-3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Monte Video,33 S,56 W,Spanish,uy,Early inhabitants were Amerindian tribes known collectively as Charras they were nearly all exterminated during European colonization Spain arrived 1516 Portuguese settled 1680 was part of Spanish Viceroyalty of Ro de la Plata late 18th cen
USA (Eastern),-5,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
USA (Indiana East),-5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
USA (Central),-6,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
USA (Mountain),-7,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
USA (Arizona),-7,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
USA (Pacific),-8,1,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
USA (Alaska),-9,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
USA (Aleutian),-10,0,1,#4/7/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
USA (Hawaii),-10,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,North America,Washington DC,38 N,98 W,English Spanish,us,Settled 40000 years ago by ancestors of Amerindians diverse cultures developed Spanish French British & others settled here from 16th cen. native cultures were largely destroyed nation expanded westward through 19th cen. had Civil War in 1860s
Uzbekistan,5,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Tashkent,41 N,64 E,Uzbek,uz,Area was early hub of civilization conquered by Alexander 4th cen. BC nomadic tribes conquered by Arabs (AD 8th cen.) Seljuk Turks Genghis Khan & Tamerlane (13th & 14th cen.) Uzbeks descended from Golden Horde (Mongol army) part of USSR from 1924
Vanuatu,11,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Oceania,Port Vila,16 S,167 E,English French Bislama (Pidgin English),nh,Settled by Melanesians 14th cen. BC charted by Portuguese P de Queirs 1606 French Bougainville 1768 & British Cook 1774 settled by British missionaries 19th cen. placed under joint British/French control to stop slave trade to Australia 1887
Vatican City,1,1,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Europe,-,42 N,12 E,Italian,vt,Another name: Santa Sede. Papal sovereign state located within Rome Italy was long the headquarters of the Papal States which had varying boundaries from 3rd-20th cen. flourished particularly during Medieval Renaissance & Baroque periods was occupied by Italy in 1870
Venezuela,-4,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,South America,Caracas,8 N,66 W,Spanish Amerindian,ve,Area settled extensively by 2000 BC various tribes of Caribs & Arawaks developed cultures in area that linked Andes civilizations & those of Caribbean & Amazon basin sighted by Columbus 1498 settled by Spanish by 1520 part of Gran Colombia 1823-1830
Viet Nam,7,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Hanoi,16 N,106 E,Vietnamese French Chinese English Khmer,vm,Settled by Annamite Mongoloid nomads 2000 BC Chinese control at various times through 15th cen. divided N & S by wall 1613 reunified 1802 French control of some territory 19th-20th cen. divided N & S 1954 Communist N battled USA-backed S 1960s-1975
Yemen,3,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Asia,Sanaa,15 N,47 E,Arabic English,ym,Area was seat of Minaean & other ancient kingdoms traded with Babylon then with Egypt by 14th cen. BC settled by Romans Jews Abyssinian Christians & Persians 1st-6th cen. Islam arrived 628 Ayyubids Rasulids & Yemeni tribesmen ruled 12-16th cen
Yugoslavia,1,1,1,#3/31/2004 #,#10/27/2004 #,Europe,Skopje,44 N,21 E,Serbo-Croatian,mk,Inhabited by Serbs (South Slavs) from 6th cen. AD controlled by Byzantine Empire organized Serbian state first appeared in 10th cen. much of area was annexed by Ottomans 1459-1812 larger area constituted a nation with the same name 1929-1991
Zambia,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Lusaka,15 S,30 E,English Bemba Tonga,za,Area was inhabited by 2000000 BC ancestors of Tonga tribe arrived after 1000 AD Bantu tribal groups flourished by 19th cen. modern region was defined under British South Africa Company 1889-1924 part of Federation of Rhodesia & Nyasaland 1953-1963
Zimbabwe,2,0,0,#1/1/2004 #,#1/1/2004 #,Africa,Harare,19 S,29 E,English Shona & SiNdebele,zi,Home to Stone Age cultures 500000 BC Khoisan & Niger-Kordofanian peoples arrived 3000 BC-1000 Bantu-speaking peoples came 5th-10th cen. driving San Bushmen into desert Zulu kingdom flourished 19th cen. overseen by British South Africa Company 1889
